🔆 Women’s Organizations

📍 The Ladies Society in Calcutta
- Year: 1882
- Founder: Swarnakumari Devi (sister of Rabindranath Tagore)
- Focus Area: Educating and imparting livelihood skills to widows.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ She was the editor of the women's journal *Bharati* making her the first Indian woman editor.
✅ Educated widows and empowered them through skill development.

📍 Arya Mahila Samaj (Pune)
- Year: 1882
- Founder: Ramabai Saraswati
- Focus Area: Welfare & social work.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Provided education to women and fought against child marriage.
✅ Opened Sharada Sadan in Mumbai in 1889 for the education of child widows.

📍 Young Women’s Christian Association
- Year: 1896
- Founder: Ms. Alice M. Bethune
- Focus Area: Education, welfare, moral development.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Helped young Christian women.
✅ Taught them good values and leadership skills.

📍 Bengal Women’s Education League
- Year: 1902
- Founder: Abala Bose
- Focus Area: Women’s education, social welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Started schools and colleges for girls.
✅ Helped women who were in need.

📍 Bharat Mahila Parishad
- Year: 1905
- Founder: Ramabai Ranade
- Focus Area: Child, Women.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ The women’s wing of the National Conference (part of Indian National Congress).
✅ Focused on child marriage, widow conditions, dowry, and other social customs.

📍 Bharat Stri Mandal; Calcutta
- Year: 1910
- Founder: Saralabala Devi Chaudhurani
- Focus Area: Women’s education and Emancipation.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ One of the first major women's organizations in India.
✅ Focused on women’s education and empowerment.

📍 All India Muslim Women’s Conference
- Year: 1914
- Founder: Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz
- Focus Area: Women’s rights, education, welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Focused on educating Muslim women and ensuring a better life for them.

📍 Women’s Volunteer Corps
- Year: 1916
- Founder: -
- Focus Area: Voluntary service, social welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Focused on helping women in distress.
✅ Worked in emergencies and taught important life skills.

📍 Indian Women’s Association (IWA)
- Year: 1917
- Founder: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Annie Besant, Muthulakshmi Reddy
- Focus Area: Women’s rights, social welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Worked to help women and make society better.
✅ Focused on skill-building and financial independence for women.

📍 Madras Women’s Indian Association
- Year: 1917
- Founder: Anandibai Joshee, B. Ramachandra Rao
- Focus Area: Women’s education, welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Aimed to improve women’s education and provide them with more rights.

📍 Women’s Indian Association (WIA)
- Year: 1917
- Founder: Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins
- Focus Area: Education, social reform.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Worked to help women gain equal rights.
✅ Started schools and fought against child marriage.

📍 National Council For Women
- Year: 1925
- Founder: Lady Aberdeen and Lady Meherbai Tata
- Focus Area: Religion, education, politics, philanthropy.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Formed under the International Council of Women.
✅ Focused on improving the rights and social status of women.

📍 All India Women’s Conference (AIWC)
- Year: 1927
- Founder: Margaret Cousins
- Focus Area: Women’s rights, education, welfare.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Worked for improving women’s health, education, and social status.
✅ Set up schools, colleges, and hostels for women.

📍 The Desh Sevika Sangh (National Women’s Volunteer Organisation)
- Year: 1930
- Founder: -
- Focus Area: Self-rule for Women.
- Activities & Achievements:
✅ Focused on eradicating liquor drinking and promoting Khaddar (hand-spun cloth).
✅ Helped women take part in the freedom movement.

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🔆 Key Takeaways: Overnutrition Crisis in Urban India

✅ Growing Crisis:
• Study shows 84% Hyderabad IT employees have fatty liver, 68% MAFLD, and 72% obesity due to excess salt/sugar, sedentary work, and disrupted sleep.

✅ Nutrition Paradox:
• Undernutrition persists while overnutrition rises rapidly; India ranks 2nd globally in overweight and obesity (2021).

✅ Link to NCDs:
• NCDs cause 74% of global deaths (2019), mostly in low/middle-income countries.
• India’s obesity fuels early onset of diabetes, heart, and liver diseases.
• Obesity increases with age and wealth (NFHS-5).

✅ Urban-Rural Disparity:
• Urban adults show higher NCD rates (e.g., Tamil Nadu: 46.1% urban obese vs 31.6% rural).

✅ Childhood Obesity:
• Projected 450 million obese adults by 2050; childhood obesity rose 244% in 20 years, set to rise further.

✅ Government Initiatives:
• FSSAI’s Health Star Rating and front-pack labelling.
• “Eat Right Challenge” and “8-km Health Walk” screened 3.79 million employees.

✅ International Best Practices:
• Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes calorie labelling, sugary drink taxes, trans fat elimination, and awareness programs.

✅ Need for Paradigm Shift:
• Regulate ads, label high-risk foods, and boost urban wellness.
• Fight obesity/NCDs with multisectoral, long-term strategies beyond medical care.

#health #nutrition #obesity #NCDs

🔆 Women & Gender Data Highlights

✅ Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000

✅ Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024

✅ Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65%

✅ PMJDY - 55% account holders are women

✅ India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124)

✅ Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%)

✅ Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%)

✅ Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82%

✅ Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions

✅ More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%)

✅ 57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic

✅ 74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method

✅ 210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women

✅ 55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women


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#mains #society #social_issue

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🔆 How Jahangir Fell for British Charm & Paved the Way for Colonization

📍 Jahangir & Thomas Roe:
✅ Jahangir was enchanted by the gifts and tales of England presented by Sir Thomas Roe, the British envoy.
✅ His fascination with British novelty overshadowed the deeper political & economic motives of the East India Company (EIC).

📍 Missed Warnings & Consequences:
✅ Jahangir’s indulgence in luxury blinded him to EIC’s strategic ambitions.
✅ British traders slowly gained economic foothold, which later expanded into political control.
✅ This early diplomatic complacency contributed to India’s eventual colonization.

⚖ Historical Lesson:
✅ A reminder of how diplomatic misjudgments can alter the course of history.
✅ Forethought & strategic caution are crucial in foreign relations & economic policies.

SELECTION POST PHASE XIII 2025 NOTIFICATION OUT

🔆 Key Takeaways: Climate Benefit and Pollution Concerns of EVs

✅ Climate Benefit of EVs:
• Electric vehicles (EVs) help eliminate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus play a crucial role in combating climate change.

✅ Air Pollution Concern with EVs:
• A recent study shows that EVs may worsen air pollution due to increased tyre wear, caused by their greater weight.

✅ Study Details:
• Conducted by researchers from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), IIT Bombay, and an American university.
• Established the relationship between the weight and speed of a vehicle to the size of the plastic particles released from tyres as a result of wear and tear.

✅ Tyre Particle Pollution:
• Tyre wear releases microplastic and nanoplastic particles into the atmosphere.
• Two primary processes of degradation:
▪ Primary fragmentation: Releases larger particles due to sudden braking or potholes.
▪ Sequential fragmentation: Releases smaller, more airborne particles due to prolonged use and increased friction.

✅ Heavier Vehicles, Higher Emissions:
• EVs are 15–20% heavier than petrol/diesel cars due to their batteries (300–900 kg).
• EVs are also able to accelerate more rapidly. This can lead to additional stress on the tyres due to increased friction and heat generation.
• Heavier and faster vehicles produce more and smaller airborne particles, worsening air pollution.

✅ Global Implications:
• As EV adoption rises globally (20% of new car sales in 2024), this issue has worldwide relevance.
• Highlights need to revisit conventional assumptions about the environmental friendliness of EVs.

✅ Policy and Technological Responses:
• Existing air quality norms (PM2.5, PM10) may not cover finer tyre particles; standards need revision.
• Need for R&D in tyre design to suit heavier EVs.
• Possible technological solutions:
▪ Capturing tyre particles at the point of release.
▪ Enhancing road quality to reduce fragmentation.

🔆 India Population Facts

📍 Population Overview
✅ Total population of India ~ 1.42 billion, overtook China in 2023 to become the most populous country
✅ Composition of population:
• 0 to 14 years = 25%
• 15 to 64 years = 68%
• Above 65 = 7%

📍 Demographic Indicators
✅ Total Fertility Rate = 2 (used to be 5.7 in 1950s)
✅ Crude Death Rate = 7.4 (used to be 22 in 1950s)
✅ Average age in India = 28 (China = 38, USA = 38, Japan = 48)

📍 Youth Concentration & Migration
✅ States of Bihar, UP, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan projected to have > 50% of the country’s youth
✅ Total migrant population in India:
• 2001 = 300 million
• 2011 = 450 million
• 2021 = 600 million (estimated)

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UKPSC prelims 29 June